Which of the following is NOT one of the four elements of emergency management?

The correct choice here is resilience, as it is not one of the four core elements of emergency management. The four essential elements are mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery.

Mitigation involves reducing or eliminating risks, preparedness focuses on planning and training to respond effectively to emergencies, and response encompasses the immediate actions taken during an incident to ensure safety and stabilize the situation. Recovery deals with returning to normal operations and rebuilding after the incident has occurred.

While resilience is increasingly recognized in discussions about emergency management, it is more of an overarching concept that describes the ability to adapt and recover from emergencies rather than a specific, actionable component of the emergency management framework itself. Thus, resilience complements the established elements but does not fit into the traditional four-element model.